Clinical analysis of distal radius core decompression for chronic wrist pain / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of distal radius core decompression in the treatment of chronic wrist pain caused by various etiologies.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 10 patients with chronic wrist pain treated with distal radial core decompression between January 2018 and December 2021. There were 6 males and 4 females with an average age of 37.4 years (range, 21-55 years). The disease duration ranged from 7 to 72 months, with an average of 26.5 months. Preoperative MRI examination showed that 10 cases had bone marrow edema at the distal radius on the affected side, and 8 cases had bone marrow edema in the carpal bones such as scaphoid and lunate bone. Among them, 3 patients had a history of wrist fracture, and 2 patients had Kienböck diseases (1 case each in stage ⅡB and stage ⅢA). Three cases were combined with triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) type 1A injury. Two cases were combined with osteoarthritis, 1 of them was complicated with severe traumatic arthritis, the wrist arthroscopy showed that the TFCC was completely lost and could not be repaired, and the cartilage of the lunate bone and the ulnar head were severely worn.Visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the relief of wrist pain before operation, at 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up, and the range of motion of the affected wrist in dorsiflexion, palmar flexion, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation was measured. The degree of bone marrow edema was evaluated according to T1WI, T2WI, and STIR sequences of MRI.@*RESULTS@#All the patients were followed up 12-22 months, with an average of 16.4 months. Except for 1 patient who experienced persistent wrist joint pain and limited mobility after operation, the remaining 9 patients showed significant improvement in pain symptoms and wrist joint mobility. The VAS score and range of motion of wrist dorsiflexion, palmar flexion, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation at 6 months after operation and at last follow-up were significantly improved when compared with those before operation, the VAS score and the range of motion of wrist ulnar deviation and radial deviation at last follow-up were further improved when compared with those at 6 months after operation, all showing significant differences ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in wrist dorsiflexion and palmar flexion between at 6 months after operation and at last follow-up ( P>0.05). Bone marrow edema was improved in 6 patients on MRI at 6 months after operation, and was also improved in other patients at last follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#For chronic wrist pain caused by a variety of causes, distal radius core decompression can directly reduce the pressure of the medullary cavity of the distal radius, improve the blood supply of the corresponding distal structure, significantly alleviate chronic wrist pain, and provide an option for clinical treatment.

Treatment of acute non-displaced scaphoid fracture of wrist with syringe needle-guided percutaneous cannulated headless hollow compression screw internal fixation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of needle-guided percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation in the treatment of acute non-displaced scaphoid fracture of wrist.@*METHODS@#The clinic data of twenty-eight patients with acute non-displaced scaphoid fracture from January 2014 to January 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the intraoperative method of placement of cannulated screw, they were divided into Guide group(16 patients)and Conventional group(12 patients). There were 13 males and 3 females in Guide group, aged from 20 to 60 years old with an average of(31.42±9.71)years old;5 patients were classified as type A2, 3 patients were classified as type B1 and 8 patients were classified as type B2 according to Herbert classification;they were treated with percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation under the guidance of needle. There were 11 males and 1 female in Conventional group, aged from 23 to 61 years old with an average of(30.51±7.52)years old;5 patients were classified as type A2, 2 patients were classified as type B1 and 5 patients were classified as type B2 according to Herbert classification;they were treated with conventional percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation. The operation time, screw angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid and wrist function score were assessed and compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#A total of 28 patients were followed up from 20 to 45 months with an average of (33.00±8.72) months. None of patients had intraoperative complication and incision infection. These patients returned to work gradually 2 weeks after operation, and all fractures healed within 12 weeks. The operation time in the Guide group was significantly less than that in the Conventinal group(P<0.05). Screw angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid in the Guide group was significantly smaller than that in the Conventional group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in Mayo wrist function scores at the last follow-up between the two groups(P>0.05). During the follow-up period, none of the 28 patients showed internal fixation displacement, arthritis, scaphoid necrosis and other complications.@*CONCLUSION@#In the treatment of acute non-displaced scaphoid fractures, the operation time of needle-guided percutaneous cannulated headless compression screw fixation is significantly shorter than that of conventional percutaneous screw fixation, and the screw axis is easier to be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid.

Luxación medial y plantar del hueso navicular asociada a fractura-subluxación calcaneocuboidea. Presentación de un caso / Medial and plantar dislocation of the navicular bone associated with a calcaneocuboid fracture-subluxation. Case report

Las luxaciones del escafoides aisladas y sin fractura son poco frecuentes. Por lo general, se presentan asociadas a fracturas del escafoides o a diversos patrones de lesión de la columna lateral. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con luxación medial y plantar del hueso navicular y fractura conminuta del proceso anterior del calcáneo y subluxación calcaneocuboidea. En el Servicio de Urgencia, se procedió a la reducción cerrada y la estabilización con agujas de Kirschner y, como tratamiento diferido, se colocaron placas en puente astragalonaviculo-cuneiforme y calcaneocuboidea de 2,0 mm, en forma transitoria, y el material de osteosíntesis se retiró a los 5 meses. El puntaje de la escala de la AOFAS fue excelente al año de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Es necesario llegar a un diagnóstico adecuado descartando lesiones de la columna lateral y reducir esta lesión en la atención de urgencia. La estabilización con placas en puente es una opción válida que podría evitar la pérdida de la reducción que se observa al retirar los clavos de Kirschner y permite una carga precoz. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Isolated navicular dislocations are unusual. They are frequently associated with navicular fractures or diverse patterns of lateral column injuries. We report a case of a patient with medial and plantar navicular dislocation with a comminuted intra-articular fracture of the anterior process of the calcaneus and associated subluxation at the calcaneocuboid joint. The patient underwent closed reduction and Kirschner wire stabilization in the Emergency Service. As part of the deferred treatment, talonavicular-cuneiform and calcaneocuboid 2.0 mm bridge plates were temporarily placed and osteosynthesis material was removed 5 months later. The AO-FAS score was excellent in the one-year follow-up. Conclusion: An accurate diagnosis, ruling out lateral column injuries, should be done in the Emergency Service. Bridge plate stabilization is a valid option to prevent loss of reduction, which is observed when removing Kirschner wires, allowing early weight-bearing. Level of Evidence: IV

WALANT Technique in Percutaneous Scaphoid Osteosynthesis / WALANT na osteossíntese percutânea do escafoide

Abstract Scaphoid fractures account for 50 to 70% of all carpal bone fractures. Percutaneous scaphoid osteosynthesis can use the dorsal or volar approach, both with good results, and is most commonly performed under general anesthesia or regional nerve block. The wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) technique is already considered a safe and cost-effective technique in hand surgery around the world. Local anesthesia with epinephrine causes vasoconstriction, which obviates the need for tourniquet and, consequently, the need to use patient sedation. Thus, the possibility of testing fixation stability under physiological forces is another great advantage of using local anesthesia. In the technique described in the present paper, active wrist and hand motion can be tested immediately after scaphoid fixation. Wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet has been increasingly used in soft-tissue hand surgery and in the fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. However, to date, there is no published literature addressing the use of this technique in percutaneous scaphoid osteosynthesis. The purpose of the present technical note is to describe the use of WALANT for both the dorsal and volar approaches in percutaneous scaphoid osteosynthesis.

Resumo As fraturas do escafoide representam entre 50 e 70% de todas as fraturas dos ossos do carpo. A osteossíntese percutânea do escafoide pode usar a abordagem dorsal ou volar, ambas com bons resultados. É mais comumente realizada sob anestesia geral ou bloqueio nervoso regional. A técnica de anestesia local com o paciente totalmente acordado e sem torniquete (WALANT, na sigla em inglês) já é considerada uma técnica segura e eficaz na cirurgia da mão. A anestesia local com epinefrina causa vasoconstrição, o que evita o uso de torniquete e, consequentemente, a necessidade de sedação do paciente. Assim, a possibilidade de testar a estabilidade da fixação sob forças fisiológicas é outra grande vantagem do uso da anestesia local. Na técnica descrita aqui, o movimento ativo do punho e da mão pode ser testado imediatamente após a fixação escafoide. A técnica WALANT tem sido cada vez mais utilizada na cirurgia da mão em partes moles e na fixação de fraturas de metacarpo e falanges. No entanto, até o momento, não há literatura publicada abordando o uso dessa técnica na osteossíntese percutânea do escafoide. O objetivo desta nota técnica é descrever o uso de WALANT tanto para a abordagem dorsal quanto volar na osteossíntese percutânea do escafoide.

Percutaneous Grafting and Screw Fixation in Patients with Scaphoid Nonunion / Enxerto percutâneo e fixação de parafusos em pacientes com não consolidação do escafoide

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical and radiological results of patients with type-V cystic scaphoid nonunion who were treated with percutaneous grafting and screw. Methods A total of 11 patients were treated with a percutaneous bone graft with screw fixation. The criteria for inclusion in the study were a type-V scaphoid nonunion and age > 18 years old. Those with humpback deformity, arthritis, ligament damage determined on magnetic resonance imaging, or avascular necrosis (AVN) in the nonunion fragment were excluded from the study. Results The mean follow-up time was 36 months (range: 15-53 months). At the final follow-up examination, the mean visual analogue scale score was 1.06 (range: 0-2.3). Postoperatively, the mean extension was 61.6° (44-80°), flexion 66° (60-80°), radial deviation 12° (7-20°), and ulnar deviation 25° (20-34°). The mean grip strength of the operated hand was found to be 94%, compared with the healthy side. The results obtained in the Mayo Modified Wrist Score were poor in 2 patients, good in 2 and excellent in 7 (64%). With the exception of 2 patients, union was obtained radiologically in 9 patients, with a mean of 12.6 weeks (range, 8-16 weeks). Conclusion Percutaneous grafting and screw fixation cannot replace open surgery in cases with deformity, shortening, humpbacking, or in long term nonunions; however, it is a reliable and effective treatment method in selected cases, such as Slade & Dodds type-V cystic nonunion.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os resultados clínicos e radiológicos de pacientes com não consolidação do escafoide que foram tratados com enxerto percutâneo e parafuso. Métodos Um total de 11 pacientes foram tratados com enxerto ósseo percutâneo com fixação de parafuso. Os critérios de inclusão no estudo foram não consolidação do escafoide do tipo 5 e idade > 18 anos. Foram excluídos do estudo aqueles com deformidade corcunda, artrite, dano ligamentar determinado por ressonância magné- tica ou necrose avascular (NAV) no fragmento de não consolidação. Resultados O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 36 meses (intervalo: 15-53 meses). No exame final de seguimento, o escore médio de escala visual analógica foi de 1,06 (intervalo: 0-2,3). No pós-operatório, a extensão média foi de 61,6° (44-80°), flexão 66° (60-80°), desvio radial 12° (7--20°) e desvio ulnar 25° (20-34°). A força média de aderência da mão operada foi de 94% em comparação com o lado saudável. Os resultados obtidos no Mayo Modified Wrist Score foram ruins em 2 pacientes, bons em 2 e excelentes em 7 (64%). Com exceção de 2 pacientes, a consolidação foi confirmada radiologicamente em 9 pacientes com média de 12,6 semanas (intervalo: 8-16 semanas). Conclusão Enxerto percutâneoe fixação de parafusos não podem substituir a cirurgia aberta em casos de deformidade, encurtamento ou acorcundamento ou em não consolidação a longo prazo; no entanto, é um método de tratamento confiável e eficaz em casos selecionados, tais como a não consolidação do tipo V de Slade e Dodds.

Treatment of Chondral Knee Lesions with Autologous Chondrocytes Embedded in a Fibrin Scaffold. Clinical and Functional Assessment / Tratamento de lesões condrais no joelho com condrócitos autólogos embebidos em arcabouço de fibrina. Avaliação clínica e funcional

Abstract Objective The aim of our study is to analyze the clinical and functional results obtained using autologous chondrocytes embedded in a fibrin scaffold in knee joint injuries. Methods We included 56 patients, 36 men and 20 women, with a mean age 36 years. Six of the patients were professional athletes, with single knee injuries that were either chondral or osteochondral (43 chondral, 9 osteochondral, 2 cases of osteochondritis dissecans and 2 osteochondral fractures), 2 to 10 cm2 in size and ≤ 10 mm deep, with no signs of osteoarthritis. The location of the injury was in the patella (8), the medial femoral condyle (40) and lateral femoral condyle (7) and one in the trochlea. The mean follow-up was 3 (range: 1-6) years. The clinical course was assessed using the Cincinnati and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome (KOOS) scores, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The paired Student t-test was used to compare pre-and postoperative results. Results Six months after the implant, patients resumed their everyday activities. On the assessment scores, their condition was improving in comparison with their presurgical state (p < 0.05). They were also able to carry out their sporting activities more easily than prior to surgery (p < 0.05). Conclusion The seeding of chondrocytes in fibrin may provide a favorable microenvironment for the synthesis of extracellular matrix and improved the clinical condition and activity of the patients 1 year after surgery.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do nosso estudo é analisar os resultados clínicos e funcionais do tratamento de lesões nas articulações do joelho com condrócitos autólogos embebidos em arcabouço de fibrina. Métodos O estudo foi realizado com 56 pacientes (36 homens e 20 mulheres) com idade média de 36 anos; 6 indivíduos eram atletas profissionais. Os pacientes apresentavam lesões únicas, condrais ou osteocondrais (43 condrais, nove osteocondrais, 2 casos de osteocondrite dissecante e duas fraturas osteocondrais) no joelho, com 2 a 10 cm2 de tamanho e ≤ 10 mm de profundidade, sem sinais de osteoartrite. As lesões estavam localizadas na patela (8), no côndilo femoral medial (40), no côndilo femoral lateral (7) e na tróclea (1). O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 3 anos (faixa de 1-6 anos). A evolução clínica foi avaliada pelos escores de Cincinnati e Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome (KOOS), 6 e 12 meses após a cirurgia. O teste t de Student pareado foi utilizado para comparação dos achados pré e pós-operatórios. Resultados Os pacientes retomaram suas atividades diárias 6 meses após o implante. Os escores avaliados demonstraram a melhora em comparação ao estado pré-cirúrgico (p < 0,05). Além disso, os pacientes conseguiram realizar suas atividades esportivas com mais facilidade do que antes da cirurgia (p < 0,05). Conclusão A cultura de condrócitos em fibrina pode proporcionar um microambiente favorável para a síntese de matriz extracelular e melhorar a condição clínica e a atividade dos pacientes 1 ano após a cirurgia

Artrodesis de cuatro esquinas: análisis comparativo de técnica abierta versus técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica / Four-corner arthrodesis: comparative analysis of open surgery versus percutaneous technique with arthroscopic assistance

INTRODUCCIÓN: La artrodesis de cuatro esquinas es una técnica de salvataje para los pacientes con artrosis avanzada del carpo. Los objetivos quirúrgicos son disminuir el dolor y mantener cierto movimiento de la muñeca. En el último tiempo, se han descrito técnicas percutáneas con asistencia artroscópica que han logrado resultados favorables, a pesar de que la técnica abierta sigue siendo el gold estándar para realizar esa técnica quirúrgica. OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados funcionales y radiológicos en pacientes con muñecas con colapso avanzado escafolunar (scapholunate advanced collapse, SLAC) o colapso avanzado en la pseudoartrosis del escafoides (scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, SNAC) operados con técnica quirúrgica abierta versus técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo tipo caso-control, de fichas clínicas e imagenología de pacientes con artrosis avanzada del carpo operados con técnica percutánea y asistencia artroscópica y cirugía abierta. Se estudian variables demográficas, dolor mediante la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), función en rangos de movilidad, tiempo de consolidación, y corrección del ángulo capitolunar. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica de la cirugía abierta y la cirugía percutánea con asistencia artroscópica. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 22 pacientes del sexo masculino con edad promedio de 32,5 años. Había 13 pacientes en el grupo de casos (técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica) y 9 pacientes en el grupo de controles (técnica abierta). El dolor en la EVA al momento del egreso hospitalario fue de 3 para los casos y de 5 para los controles (p » 0,008), y a los 30 días del postoperatorio, fue de 0 y 3 respectivamente (p » 0,00). Los rangos de extensión y flexión fueron de 52,6° y 38,7° para los casos y de 35,7° y 32,4° para los controles (p » 0,1119 y 0,0016, respectivamente). El ángulo capitolunar fue de 10° para los controles y de 5° para los casos (p » 0,0008). El tiempo de consolidación fue de 8,8 semanas para los casos y de 12,5 semanas para los controles (p » 0,039). DISCUSIÓN: Tanto la técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica cuanto la cirugía abierta para realizar una artrodesis de cuatro esquinas son técnicas reproducibles y efectivas en lograr consolidación, disminución del dolor, y mantenimiento de rangos de movimiento en la muñeca. CONCLUSIÓN: En el presente trabajo se demuestran mejores promedios de los parámetros evaluados con la técnica percutánea que con la cirugía abierta; sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios prospectivos para realizar una recomendación con respecto a la técnica quirúrgica de elección.

INTRODUCTION: Four-corner arthrodesis is a salvage technique for patients with advanced carpal osteoarthritis. This procedure aims to reduce pain and preserve wrist motion. Even though percutaneous techniques with arthroscopic assistance reportedly have favorable outcomes and the advantages of minimal invasiveness, open surgery remains the gold standard for four-corner arthrodesis. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to compare the functional and radiological outcomes of patients with scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) or scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC) submitted to open surgery versus percutaneous surgery with arthroscopic assistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective case-control study of clinical records and radiological images of patients with advanced carpal osteoarthritis submitted to percutaneous surgery with arthroscopic assistance versus open surgery. Demographic variables, pain score using the visual analog scale (VAS), function ranges of motion, time until consolidation, and correction of the capitolunate angle were analyzed. Both techniques are described. RESULTS: In total, 22 male patients with an average age of 32.5 years were studied, including 13 patients from the case group (percutaneous surgery with arthroscopic assistance) and 9 patients from the control group (open surgery). The VAS score for pain at discharge was of 3 for the cases and of 5 for the controls (p » 0.008); 30 days postoperatively, it was of 0 and 3 respectively (p » 0.00). The ranges of extension and flexion were of 52.6° and 38.7° for the case group, and of 35.7° and 32.4° for the control group (p » 0.119 and 0.0016 respectively). The capitolunate angle was of 10° for the controls and of 5° for the cases (p » 0.0008). The time until consolidation was of 8.8 weeks for the cases and of 12.5 weeks for the controls (p » 0.039). DISCUSSION: Both four-corner arthrodesis techniques are reproducible and effective in achieving consolidation, pain reduction and preservation of wrist motion. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the superiority of the percutaneous technique with arthroscopic assistance over open surgery. Further prospective studies are required for an adequate recommendation.

Detección de tornillos prominentes en la articulación radiocarpiana mediante la proyección tangencial del escafoides dorsal / Detection of protruding screws in the radiocarpal joint using the "scaphoid skyline view"

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una de las complicaciones de la osteosíntesis retrógrada del escafoides es la protrusión del tornillo en la articulación radiocarpiana, dada la limitada visualización intraoperatoria del polo proximal del escafoides con las proyecciones tradicionales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad de una nueva proyección radiológica, la proyección "tangencial del escafoides dorsal", o TED, para identificar tornillos prominentes radiocarpianos durante la osteosíntesis retrógrada del escafoides con tornillos canulados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cadavérico en muñecas frescas congeladas. Se introdujo en el escafoides un tornillo canulado con técnica retrógrada estándar. La proyección TED fue evaluada en 5 muñecas, con angulaciones del antebrazo de 15°, 30° y 45° para definir la mejor visualización del polo proximal del escafoides y del tornillo. Se comparó la capacidad para identificar la prominencia del tornillo en el polo proximal de la proyección TED de 30° con 5 proyecciones tradicionales de escafoides en 9 muñecas. El tornillo se posicionó a nivel de la superficie del escafoides, y luego se avanzó a intervalos de 0,5 mm bajo visualización directa por artrotomía dorsal. Tras cada intervalo, se repitieron todas las proyecciones para determinar su capacidad de detectar tornillos prominentes en el escafoides. RESULTADOS: La mejor visualización del polo proximal del escafoides se logró con la proyección TED de 30°. Al comparar la proyección TED de 30° y las tradicionales, con la TED se logró identificar tornillos prominentes a 0,8 mm promedio, seguida por la proyección posteroanterior con cubitalización y extensión a 1.3 mm (p » 0.014), con una alta precisión y correlación interobservador de estas proyecciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La proyección TED demostró ser la más sensible para detectar tornillos prominentes en la articulación radiocarpiana. Su uso rutinario podría evitar complicaciones durante la osteosíntesis.

INTRODUCTION: One of the complications of the retrograde percutaneous scaphoid fixation is the protrusion of the screw in the radiocarpal joint due to the limited intraoperative visualization of the proximal pole of the scaphoid with the traditional radiographic views. OBJETIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity of a novel radiographic view (the skyline scaphoid view, SSV) to detect screws protruding in the radiocarpal joint during the retrograde fixation of the scaphoid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied nine cadaverous fresh frozen wrists. A retrograde cannulated screw was inserted in the scaphoid. To validate the SSV, 5 wrists were studied, comparing 3 forearm angulations (15°, 30° and 45°) to get the best visualization of the proximal pole and screw. We compared the ability to identify the protrusion of the screw in the proximal pole of the 30° SSV with that of 5 standard scaphoid radiographic views in 9 wrists. The screw was positioned at the level of the surface of the scaphoid, and was sequentially protruded in 0.5 mm increments, with direct visualization of its tip through a dorsal capsulotomy. After each increment, all views were repeated to determine if they were able to detect screws projecting from the scaphoid. RESULTS: The best visualization of the proximal pole of the scaphoid was found with the 30° SSV. In the comparison of the 30° SSV and the standard views, with the SSV we were able to identify the protrusion of the screws at an average of 0.8 mm, followed by the posterior-anterior view with ulnar deviation and extension at 1.3 mm (p » 0.014), with high precision and interobserver agreement regarding these views. CONCLUSION: The SSV was the most sensitive view to detect protruding screws in the proximal pole of the scaphoid. Its routine use could avoid complications during osteosynthesis.

Percutaneous Fixation without Bone Graft for Scaphoid Nonunion / Fixação percutânea sem enxerto ósseo para pseudartrose do escafóide

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients submitted to percutaneous fixation without bone graft for scaphoid nonunion, with a minimum follow-up of six months. Methods A case series study of a convenience sample of hand surgeons with prospective evaluation. Patients with scaphoid (waist or proximal pole) nonunion and the following features were included: more than six months of history; X-rays showing sclerosis of the edges of the nonunion, with resorption of the nonunion focus measuring less than 4 mm (Slade & Gleissler I, II, III and IV) and no angular deformity; and no proximal pole necrosis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results After six months of follow-up, all nonunion were consolidated, with no major complications. The functional outcomes revealed good scores on the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH; n = 12; mean: 6.9; standard deviation [SD]: 2.1) and patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE; n = 12; mean: 7.97, SD: 1.5) questionnaires. The results of the visual analog scale (VAS) showed little residual pain (n = 12; mean: 0.71; SD: 0.2). Slight decreases in flexion (69 versus 59.1; p = 0.007), extension (62.4 versus 48.7; p = 0.001) and radial deviation (29.6 versus 24.6; p = 0.014) were detected in comparison to the contralateral side. Conclusions All cases in the series presented consolidation and good functional scores at the six-month evaluation. This is a promising option (with lower technical demand and morbidity) for the treatment of scaphoid nonunion. Comparative studies are required to assess the effectiveness of this technique in comparison with other options.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os resultados clínico-radiográficos de pacientes tratados por meio de fixação percutânea sem enxerto ósseo para pseudartrose do escafóide, com seguimento mínimo de seis meses. Métodos Série de casos de uma amostra de conveniência de grupo de cirurgiões de mão com avaliação prospectiva.. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de pseudartrose do escafóide (cintura ou polo proximal) com as seguintes características: mais de seis meses de histórico; radiografias demonstrando esclerose das bordas da pseudartrose, com reabsorção do foco de pseudartrose menor do que 4 mm (Slade & Gleissler I, II, III e IV), sem deformidade angular; e sem necrose do polo proximal pela ressonância magnética (RM). Resultados Na avaliação com mais de seis meses, todas as pseudartroses estavam consolidadas e sem maiores complicações. Os resultados funcionais demonstraram boas pontuações nos questionários de disfunções do braço, ombro e mão (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand, DASH; n = 12; média: 6,9; desvio padrão [DP]: 2,1) e de avaliação do punho pelo paciente (patient-rated wrist evaluation, PRWE; n = 12; média: 7,97; DP: 1,5). Observou-se pouca dor residual de acordo com a escala visual analógica (EVA; n = 12; média: 0,71; DP: 0,2). Houve discreta diminuição da flexão (69 versus 59,1; p = 0,007), da extensão (62,4 versus 48,7; p = 0,001) e do desvio radial (29,6 versus 24.6; p = 0,014) em comparação ao lado contralateral. Conclusões Nesta série, todos os casos estavam consolidados ao sexto mês de avaliação, com bom status funcional. Trata-se de uma opção promissora (menor demanda técnica e morbidade) para o tratamento da pseudartrose do escafóide. Estudos comparativos serão úteis para avaliar a efetividade da técnica com relação a outras opções.

Luxación palmar divergente del escafoides y semilunar: reporte de caso / Palmar divergent dislocation of the scaphoid and lunate: case report

Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 61 años de edad quien presentó una luxación palmar divergente del escafoides y semilunar de la muñeca derecha secundario a trauma por caída de una escalera en su casa, quien fue atendido a las 24 horas del accidente, se le realizó una resección de los dos huesos (desvascularizados completamente), y se redujo el hueso grande en la fosa semilunar del radio más reparación de la cápsula articular y los ligamentos palmares radiocarpales. Al control del primer año el resultado ha sido satisfactorio, con un buen desempeño de su actividad laboral, y con una congruencia de la articulacion radio hueso grande y estabilidad completa de la muñeca. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

We report the case of a 61-year-old man who presented a Palmar divergent dislocation of the scaphoid and lunate of the right wrist secondary to trauma due to the fall of a ladder in his house, who was seen 24hours after the accident, he underwent a resection of the two bones (completely devascularized), and the Capitate bone was reduced in the lunate fossa of the radius by adding a repair of the joint capsule and the radiocarpal palmar ligaments. After the first year of follow up the result has been broadly satisfactory, with good performance of his working activity, and with a congruence of the Radial-Capitate joint with complete stability of the wrist. Evidence Level: IV

Fractura metafisaria de radio distal asociada a una fractura de escafoides, en un adolescente de 14 años / Distal radius fracture combined with scaphoid fracture, in a 14-year-old teenager / Fratura metafisária do rádio distal associada a uma fratura escafóide em adolescente de 14 anos

La asociación entre fractura de radio distal y fractura de escafoides es una asociación infrecuente, en la presentación inicial, pasa inadvertida muchas veces la fractura a nivel de escafoides. El diagnóstico precoz nos permite un correcto tratamiento evitando posibles complicaciones en la evolución. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de 14 años con dicha asociación lesional. Se le realizó reducción cerrada y fijación percutánea con alambres de Kirschner a nivel del radio distal y se trató la fractura de escafoides, de forma ortopédica, con yeso antebraquipalmar con inclusión del primer dedo. Se obtuvo la consolidación de ambos focos con excelentes resultados clínicos.

The association between distal radius fracture and scaphoid fracture is a rare association, in many cases the scaphoid fracture can be overlooked at the initial presentation. The early diagnosis allows a correct treatment avoiding possible complications in the follow-up. The case of a 14-year-old teenager with this association is presented. Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation was performed with Kirschner Wires at distal radius fracture, the scaphoid fracture was treated orthopedically with short-arm thumb spica cast. Consolidation of both fractures was obtained with excellent clinical results.

A associação entre fratura do rádio distal e fratura do escafoide é uma associação pouco freqüente; na apresentação inicial, a fratura do escafóide geralmente passa despercebida. O diagnóstico precoce nos permite um tratamento correto, evitando possíveis complicações na evolução. É apresentado o caso de um adolescente de 14 anos com essa associação lesional. Ele foi submetido a redução fechada e fixação percutânea com fios de Kirschner no raio distal, e a fratura do escafóide foi tratada ortopedicamente com um molde de antebraço incluindo o primeiro dedo. A consolidação de ambos os focos foi obtida com excelentes resultados clínicos.

Seudoartrosis del escafoides: experiencia con injerto óseo vascularizado del primer metacarpiano. Serie de casos / Scaphoid pseudoarthrosis: experience with vascularized bone graft of the first metacarpal. Case series

Introducción describir los resultados clínicos, funcionales y radiológicos de pacientes con seudoartrosis de fractura del escafoides, sometidos a cirugía con la técnica de Bertelli. en un centro de cuarto nivel de complejidad. Materiales & Métodos Serie de casos en un centro de cuarto nivel de complejidad entre el 2005 y 2016 de pacientes con fractura de escafoides en seudoartrosis sometidos a cirugía de revisión con injerto vascularizado de la primera arteria dorsal metacarpiana según la técnica de Bertelli. Se tomaron datos de historias clínicas, que se analizaron con medidas descriptivas de resumen. Resultados se analizaron 11 pacientes con una edad promedio de 30,1 años. El 72,7% fue llevado a osteosíntesis como manejo inicial. El procedimiento de revisión se realizó en una mediana de 380 días. Se reportaron complicaciones pos-quirúrgicas: necrosis del injerto en un paciente, necesidad de re-intervención en cuatro y no hubo infecciones. En el 72,7% se observó consolidación de la fractura y ocurrió en promedio a los 7,6 meses. La mitad de los pacientes tuvieron un puntaje DASH de 9 o menos y reportaron percepción de dolor leve - moderado el 90,9%. La mediana de seguimiento fue 14 meses. Discusión la ventaja de esta técnica es su reproducibilidad y versatilidad, pues su pedículo vascular constante y de buena longitud, permite utilizarse por un abordaje dorsal o palmar y para no consolidaciones del polo proximal, cintura o polo distal del escafoides. Este estudio mostró buenos resultados clínicos y funcionales, asociados a una baja tasa de complicaciones. Nivel de evidencia IV

Background The aim of study is to describe the clinical, functional, and radiological results in patients with pseudoarthrosis of scaphoid fractures who that underwent surgery using Bertelli's et al. technique. Methods Case series of patients with nonunion of scaphoid fractures in a high complexity care center between 2005 and 2016, who underwent revision surgery with vascularized bone graft of the first metacarpal dorsal artery according to Bertelli's et al. technique. Data were collected from clinical records, and it waswere analyzed using descriptive summary measures. Results The analysis included 11 patients with a mean age of 30,1 years (S.D: 9). 72,7% of the patients underwent conventional osteosynthesis as the initial approach. The revision surgery was performed with a median of 380 days (interquartile range: 194-470); there were no intraoperative complications. Post- surgery complications, such as graft necrosis, were reported in a one patient (9,1%), the need of for re-intervention in four patients and there were no infection related complications. Fracture union was seen in 72,7% patients in a mean of 7,6 months (S.D: 2,9) after the intervention. Half of the patient had a DASH score of 9 points or less. 54,5 reported pain as mild, 36,4% as moderate and without pain 9,1%. The median follow up period was 14 months and only one patient developed carpal arthritis. Discussion The advantage of this surgical technique is its reproducibility and versatility, thanks due to the constant and long vascular pedicle; this allows using dorsal or palmar approaches, as well as for the management of scaphoid nonunions of the proximal pole, waist, or distal pole. This study shows good clinical and functional results outcomes with a low rate of complications. Evidence Level IV

Manejo artroscópico de pseudoartrosis de escafoides con deformidad en joroba: técnica quirúrgica y serie de casos / Arthroscopic treatment for scaphoid pseudarthrosis with humpback: surgical technique and case series

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pseudoartrosis de escafoides con deformidad en joroba es una patología compleja que si no recibe tratamiento oportuno puede llevar a una deformidad avanzada, con colapso del carpo produciendo un deterioro significativo en la función de la muñeca. En la actualidad se considera como tratamiento estándar la reducción abierta de la deformidad utilizando injerto estructural. El OBJETIVO del presente trabajo es describir una técnica de reducción artroscópica, utilizando injerto no estructural para la no-unión de escafoides con deformidad en joroba. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos en una serie de casos manejados con la técnica propuesta. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos de pacientes diagnosticados con pseudoartrosis de escafoides con deformidad en joroba manejados con la técnica propuesta. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica. Se utiliza el programa STATA 15 para el análisis estadístico de los resultados, al igual que test de Wilcoxon para variables no paramétricas. RESULTADOS: Once pacientes de sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 23,4 años, completaron seguimiento promedio de 12 meses. En todos los pacientes se comprobó consolidación de la no-unión mediante Tomografía Computada en un tiempo promedio de 9,1 semanas. Todos los pacientes mejoraron sus rangos de movilidad y ángulos imagenológicos de manera significativa y mejoraron en la prueba funcional de DASH (p » 0.0033). DISCUSiÓN: Se muestra una técnica de reducción percutánea con asistencia artroscópica utilizando injerto no estructural para corregir la no-unión de escafoides con deformidad en joroba produciéndose buenos resultados clínicos con consolidación, en todos los pacientes de nuestra serie, similar a lo encontrado en la literatura internacional. Creemos que esa técnica permite una corrección parcial de la anatomía del carpo y favorece la consolidación ósea al tener las ventajas teóricas de una técnica mínimamente invasiva.

INTRODUCTION: Scaphoid pseudoartrosis with humpback deformity is a complex pathology that if not treated promptly can lead to an advanced deformity with collapse of the carpus producing a significant deterioration in wrist function. At present, open reduction of the deformity using structural bone graft is considered the gold standard of treatment. The AIM of the present study is to describe a surgical technique of percutaneous reduction with arthroscopic assistance using non-structural bone graft for scaphoid non-union with humpback deformity. We present a case series of patients treated with the proposed technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of a case series of patients diagnosed with scaphoid pseudarthrosis with humpback deformity treated with the proposed technique. We describe the surgical technique. We used STATA 15 for the statistical analysis and Wilcoxon test for non-parametric variables. RESULTS: 11 male patients, with an average age of 23.4 years, completed an average follow-up of 12 months. Bone healing was confirmed with Computed Tomography in an average time of 9.1 weeks in all of our patients. All patients improved their range of mobility and radiographic measurements significantly and all improved in the DASH functional test (p » 0.0033). DISCUSSION: We describe a technique of percutaneous reduction with arthroscopic assistance using non-structural graft to correct scaphoid non-union with humpback deformity. We found good clinical results and high union rate in all the patients of our series. Similar to what is found in international literature, we believe that this technique allows a partial correction of carpal anatomy and favors bone consolidation by having the advantages of a minimally invasive technique.

Fratura fisária do rádio e luxação perilunar do carpo: um relato de caso / Physeal fracture of radius and perilunate dislocation of carpo: a case report

A relevância do relato de caso em questão está em sua raridade de acometimento durante a infância (período em que se observa um sinal clássico em uma das radiografias solicitadas). Trata-se de uma luxação perilunar em punho direito, associada à fratura fisária do rádio em criança de onze anos, após acidente com laço. Foi feita a redução fechada e colocação de tala gessada no membro, o qual também apresentava áreas de sofrimento da pele causadas pela corda. O quadro clínico do paciente evoluiu com dor, edema e diminuição da perfusão. Nesse momento, foi encaminhado para o centro cirúrgico onde foi realizada redução aberta com incisão dorsal em S, fixação da luxa-ção e fasciotomia. Após o ato cirúrgico, paciente evoluiu bem. Atualmente, após algumas sessões de fisioterapia, tem movimento quase total de flexão e extensão do punho, restando apenas limitação no desvio ulnar e radial. As crianças do século XXI se mostram muito ativas em vista disso têm aumentado os casos de fratura e luxação na pediatria, tanto pelo aumento do impacto quanto pela exposição a possíveis mecanismos de lesão. (AU)

The relevance of this case report is its rarity of involvement during childhood (the period in which there is a classic sign in one of the required x-rays). This is a case of perilunate dislocation in right wrist associated with physeal fracture of radius in an eleven-year-old child, after a rope accident. The closed reduction and placement of a plas-ter splint were performed, which also presented areas of skin suffering caused by the rope. The patient's medical condition evolved for pain, edema, and decreased perfusion. At that time, he was transferred to a surgical center where it was performed an open reduction with a dorsal incision in S, dislocation fixation and fasciotomy. After the surgical procedure, the patient's medical condition developed well. Currently, after some physical therapy sessions, he has almost total movement of flexion and extension of his wrist, there is the only limitation in ulnar and radial deviation. Children of the 21st century are very active, and there has been an increase in the cases of fracture and dislocation, in pediatrics, both by increasing impact and exposure to possible mechanisms of injury (AU)

Carpectomía de fila proximal versus artrodesis de cuatro esquinas en pacientes con lesiones de SLAC y SNAC / Proximal carpectomy versus four-cornered arthrodesis in patients with lesions SLAC and SNAC

Resumen: Las lesiones por el colapso escafosemilunar avanzado y el colapso avanzado por seudoartrosis del escafoides son consecuencia de un traumatismo que origina la fractura de escafoides y la consecuente seudoartrosis, resultando en una cinemática anormal de la muñeca y en una lesión de ligamento escafosemilunar, respectivamente. Las opciones quirúrgicas actuales para el tratamiento incluyen artrodesis parcial y carpectomía de la línea proximal del carpo. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo en el período comprendido de Enero de 2010 a Diciembre de 2015. Se estudiaron 52 pacientes operados con artrodesis de cuatro esquinas y 19 pacientes manejados con carpectomía. Resultados: Del total de 71 pacientes, 62 fueron masculinos y nueve femeninos. Para el procedimiento de carpectomías, fueron 14 varones y cinco mujeres, para los pacientes con artrodesis de cuatro esquinas se incluyeron 48 masculinos y cuatro femeninos. Se identificaron 48 pacientes con colapso avanzado por seudoartrosis del escafoides y 23 pacientes con colapso escafosemilunar avanzado. Se realizaron 19 carpectomías y 52 artrodesis de cuatro esquinas del total de pacientes, 65 de ellos cursaron sin ninguna complicación, tres pacientes con retardo de la consolidación, dos con dolor residual, y uno con proceso infeccioso superficial. Discusión: La técnica de artrodesis de cuatro esquinas implica mayor tiempo de cirugía y de costos en relación con la carpectomía; sin embargo, la artrodesis tiene una reincorporación más rápida al trabajo con mejoría del dolor con respecto a la carpectomía; la decisión final en nuestra institución dependerá del caso y de la actividad del paciente.

Abstract: Advanced scafosemilunar collapse (SLAC) and advanced scaphoid pseudoarthrosis (SNAC) collapse are the result of trauma causing scaphoid fracture and the consequent pseudoarthrosis resulting in abnormal kinematics of the wrist and a scapholunate ligament injury, respectively. Current surgical options for SLAC/SNAC treatment include partial arthrodesis, carpal proximal row resection. Material and methods: Retrospective, cross-cutting and descriptive study was carried out in the period from January 2010 to December 2015. 52 patients operated on with 4-cornered arthrodesis and 19 patients with carpectomy were studied. Results: 71 patients, 62 male patients and 9 female patients were analysed. For the carpectomy procedure were 5 female patients, for patients with four-corner arthrodesis 48 male patient and 4 female patient were included. 48 patients with SNAC and 23 patients with SLAC were identified. 19 carpectomies and 52 arthrodesis of four corners of the total patients 65 of them were carried without any complications, 3 patients with delay of consolidation two with residual pain, and one with superficial infectious process. Discussion: The four-corner arthrodesis technique involves longer surgery and costs in relation to carpectomy, however arthrodesis has a faster return to pain-improvement work with respect to carpectomy; the final decision will depend on the case, the patient's activity.

Artrodesis total de muñeca en paciente con síndrome de Hajdu Cheney: reporte de caso / Total wrist arthrodesis in a patient with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de Hajdu-Cheney, es una patología infrecuente caracterizada por alteraciones esqueléticas que se manifiestan con acro-osteolisis y osteoporosis generalizada. Su frecuencia es extremadamente rara y existen escasos reportes en la literatura a nivel mundial. Se presenta un caso de un paciente con colapso avanzado del carpo producto de una no unión de escafoides no tratada. Se describen características clínicas y radiográficas del paciente y la resolución del caso con artrodesis total de muñeca.

Hajdu-Cheney syndrome is an uncommon skeletal disorder characterized by acroosteolysis and generalized osteoporosis. It is an extremely rare condition and few reports have been published in worldwide literature. We present a case of a patient with advanced carpal collapse product of a scaphoid non-union with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. We describe clinical and radiographic characteristics and resolution of the case with total wrist arthrodesis.

Resultados de capsulodesis dorsal artroscópica tipo Mathoulin modificada para tratamiento de lesión escafolunar / Results of scapholunate lesions by modified arthroscopic dorsal type Mathoulin capsule

Introducción: Nuestro propósito de realizar este trabajo retrospectivo fue determinar la función y los resultados objetivos de los pacientes con lesiones escafolunar mediante la Capsulodesis dorsal artroscópica tipo Mathoulin modificada. Material y Métodos: Evaluamos 12 pacientes con lesión del ligamento escafolunar, mediante la clasificación de Geissler ,EWAS y García Elías. Se evaluaron 9 hombres y 3 mujeres. El 100 % en edad laboral. El tiempo de seguimiento post operatorio fue de 7,8 meses (4-12 meses). Tres de los pacientes fueron tratados de forma aguda (hasta los 2 meses de dolor o inestabilidad) y 9 pacientes de forma crónica (más de 3 meses de dolor o inestabilidad). Todos los pacientes tenían dolor escafolunar dorsal y test de Watson positivo. Todas las lesiones fueron reparadas con la técnica artroscópica de Capsulodesis Dorsal de Mathoulin modificada. Se evaluó el Rango de Movilidad (ROM), fuerza de agarre, score Mayo de Muñeca y el DASH Score. Resultados: Hemos tenido mejoras en test del dolor y la fuerza, el ROM promedio fue 71° para la extensión, 65° de flexión, 25° para la desviación radial y 25° de desviación cubital. El Score de muñeca de mayo fue excelente en el 75%, Bueno en el 16,6%, Satisfactorio en el 8,33% y no hemos tenido malos resultados. Con respecto al Dash Score, el promedio en el pre operatorio fue de 81,5 puntos y en el Post operatorio a la fecha de 4,5 puntos. El promedio de la fuerza comparativa contralateral fue del 84%. Discusión: Mathoulin propone para evitar la rigidez y estabilizar el ligamento la Capsulodesis dorsal artroscópica, con la cual obtiene mejoría del dolor y movilidad satisfactoria por poco daño capsular en lesiones de García Elías 2,3 y 4 crónicas, basado en los estudios de Gajendran, Deshmukh, Brunelli y zarkadas sobre capsulodesis dorsal, donde obtuvieron rangos de movilidad menores a los pre quirúrgicos por el daño capsular creado, y evolucionaron a la artrosis en menos de 5 años por avance de lesión SLAC. Conclusión: La reparación artroscópica de las lesiones escafolunares Geissler I a IV, EWAS I a IIIc Y GARCIA ELIAS I a III dan resultados satisfactorios mejorando los ROM, recuperando la fuerza de forma total o parcial y disminuyendo el dolor en alto porcentaje. Encontramos que el tiempo entre la cirugía y los resultados obtenidos influye en los resultados y cuanto mayor es el seguimiento mejor los resultados. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Objective: Our purpose of performing this retrospective work was to determine the function and objective results of patients with scapholunate lesions by modified arthroscopic dorsal type Mathoulin capsule. Methods: We evaluated 12 patients with scapholunate ligament injury, using the classification of Geissler, EWAS and García Elías. Nine men and 3 women were evaluated. 100% working age. The post-operative follow-up time was 7.8 months (4-12 months). Three of the patients were treated acutely (up to 2 months of pain or instability) and 9 patients were chronically (more than 3 months of pain or instability). All patients had dorsal scapholunate pain and a positive Watson test. All lesions were repaired with the modified arthroscopic technique of Dorsal Capsulodesis of Mathoulin. The Mobility Range (ROM), grip strength, May Wrist score and the DASH Score were evaluated. Results: We have had improvements in pain and strength tests, the average ROM was 71° for extension, 65 ° for flexion, 25 ° for radial deviation and 25 ° for ulnar deviation. The Wrist Score of May was excellent at 75%, Good at 16.6%, Satisfactory at 8.33% and we have not had bad results. With respect to the Dash Score, the average in the pre-operative was 81.5 points and in the Post-operative to the date of 4.5 points. The average of the contralateral comparative force was 84%. Discussion: Mathoulin proposes to avoid stiffness and stabilize the ligament arthroscopic dorsal Capsulodesis, with which it obtains pain improvement and satisfactory mobility for little capsular damage in García Elías 2,3 and 4 chronic lesions based on the studies of Gajendran, Deshmukh , Brunelli and zarkadas on dorsal Capsulodesis where they obtained lower mobility ranges than the pre-surgical ones due to the capsular damage created and evolved to osteoarthritis in less than 5 years due to progression of the SLAC lesion (one). Conclusion: The arthroscopic repair of scapholunate lesions Geissler I to IV, EWAS I to IIIc and GARCIA ELIAS I to III give satisfactory results improving the ROM, recovering the strength totally or partially and decreasing the pain in high percentage. We found that the time between surgery and the results obtained influences the results and the greater the follow-up the better the results. Type of study: Number of cases. Level of evidence: IV

Bloqueo óseo metafisario de radio y fijación estable en seudoartrosis de polo proximal de escafoides sin necrosis / Radial metaphyseal core decompression and stable fixation of proximal pole scaphoid nonunion without osteonecrosis

Objetivo: Reportar la tasa de consolidación y los resultados de una serie de 22 pacientes con seudoartrosis del polo proximal del escafoides tratados con un bloqueo óseo metafisario asociado a un tornillo autocompresivo anterógrado. Materiales y Métodos: Serie prospectiva de pacientes con seudoartrosis del polo proximal del escafoides en quienes se constató un sangrado intraoperatorio en ambos fragmentos. Se excluyó a los pacientes con desplazamiento, cambios degenerativos, fragmentación del polo proximal, cavitación del foco, pérdida de altura, necrosis y aquellos con inestabilidad carpiana. Se tomaron radiografías e imágenes por tomografía computarizada para evaluar su consolidación; se registraron la movilidad y la fuerza de puño, y los pacientes completaron una escala analógica visual para dolor en reposo, dolor en actividad, estado subjetivo funcional y el cuestionario DASH. Resultados: La serie incluyó 18 pacientes. Diecisiete presentaron consolidación. El seguimiento promedio fue de 22 meses y la movilidad final promedio fue: flexión 87%, extensión 84%, desviación radial 78%, desviación cubital 84% y fuerza de puño 85%. El puntaje promedio de la escala analógica visual fue 0 para dolor en reposo; 2, para dolor en actividad y 9 para función, en tanto que el puntaje DASH promedio fue de 8. Conclusiones: Con esta técnica confiable y sencilla, obtuvimos una tasa de consolidación del 95% y un muy buen resultado funcional. El bloqueo óseo metafisario asociado a un tornillo anterógrado constituye una alternativa válida y eficaz para tratar la seudoartrosis del polo proximal del escafoides, vital en pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To report the consolidation rate and the outcomes of a series of 22 patients with proximal pole scaphoid nonunion treated with a metaphyseal core decompression and an anterograde self-compressing screw. Methods: We present a prospective series of patients with proximal pole scaphoid nonunion and confirmation of intraoperative bleeding in both fragments. Patients presented with displacement, degenerative changes, proximal pole fragmentation, cavitation at the fracture site, reduced bone length, and necrosis, as well as those with carpal instability, were excluded. X-rays and computed tomography scans were performed to assess consolidation; range of motion and grip strength were recorded, and patients completed a visual analogue scale for pain at rest, pain during activity, and subjective functional status, as well as a DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire. Results: Eighteen patients were included. Union was observed in 17 patients. The average follow-up time was 22 months and the average final range of motion was as follows: 87% for flexion, 84% for extension, 78% for radial deviation, 84% for ulnar deviation, and 85% for grip strength. The average score on the visual analogue scale was 0 point for pain at rest, 2 for pain during activity, and 9 for function, while average DASH score was 8. Conclusions: Using this simple and reliable technique, we obtained 95% union and very good functional results. Metaphyseal core decompression with an antegrade screw is a valid and effective alternative for the treatment of proximal pole scaphoid nonunion in carefully selected patients. Level of Evidence: IV

APSI scaphoid hemiarthroplasty - long-term results / Hemiartroplastia do escafoide com APSI - resultados funcionais em longo prazo

ABSTRACT Objective: This study is aimed at evaluating the long-term results of proximal scaphoid hemiarthroplasty for post-traumatic avascular necrosis at this institution. Methods: Twelve patients who underwent this procedure were identified, and the mean follow-up time was 6.5 years (range: 5-8 years). All patients were male, with a mean age of 39 years (range: 28-55 years). In eight patients, the non-dominant limb was affected. The procedure was carried out through a dorsal approach and all patients underwent the same rehabilitation protocol. Cases were evaluated regarding complications, pain, range of motion, functional status (Mayo Wrist Score), and disability (QuickDASH Score). Results: No immediate post-operative complications, such as infection or dislocation of the implant, were observed. All patients presented with peri-implant osteolysis at follow-up, on a radiograph study. None of the patients was forced to abandon their previous professional activity, although about 50% required some type of adaptation at their workplace. The mean functional capacity was, according to the Mayo Wrist Score, of 67.5 points (range: 50-80), corresponding to a satisfactory degree of function. The QuickDASH disability score presented a mean of 25 (range: 3-47.7). Conclusion: The results of this series are in line with previously published studies about this technique. Hemiarthroplasty with a pyrocarbon implant is a safe technique for the treatment of post-fracture avascular necrosis of the scaphoid proximal pole. This technique allowed for satisfactory functional results at a mean follow-up of 6.5 years.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados em longo prazo da hemiartroplastia do escafoide proximal no tratamento da osteonecrose avascular pós-traumática na instituição. Métodos: Foram identificados 12 pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 6,5 anos (entre cinco e oito). Todos os pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com média de 39 anos (entre 28 e 55). Em oito pacientes o membro afetado foi o não dominante. O procedimento foi feito por meio de uma abordagem dorsal e todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de reabilitação. Todos os casos foram avaliados quanto à ocorrência de complicações, dor, amplitude de movimento, capacidade funcional (Mayo Wrist Score) e incapacidade (QuickDASH Score). Resultados: Não foram observadas complicações no período pós-operatório imediato, como infeção ou luxação do implante. No fim do período de seguimento, todos os casos apresentavam osteólise peri-implante no estudo radiográfico. Nenhum dos pacientes abandonou a sua atividade profissional prévia à cirurgia, embora em cerca de 50% dos casos tenha sido necessário algum tipo de adaptação no local de trabalho. A capacidade funcional média foi, de acordo com o Mayo Wrist Score, de 67,5 pontos (entre 50 e 80), correspondeu a um nível de função satisfatório. O escore de incapacidade QuickDASH apresentou uma pontuação média de 25 (entre 3 e 47,7). Conclusão: Os resultados desta série encontram-se em linha com os estudos publicados sobre essa técnica. A hemiartroplastia do escafoide com implante de pirocarbono é uma técnica segura para o tratamento da necrose avascular do polo proximal do escafoide após fratura. Essa técnica permitiu obter um resultado funcional satisfatório após uma média de 6,5 anos de seguimento.

Percutaneous treatment for waist and proximal pole scaphoid fractures / Tratamento percutâneo para fraturas do terço médio e proximal do escafoide

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the percutaneous fixation technique for scaphoid fractures in the waist of the scaphoid and the proximal pole, and demonstrate its result. Methods: A retrospective cross-cohort study conducted from January 2005 to April 2015, aiming at the consolidation time, epidemiological profile, level of function, return to work, and complications. Results: Twenty-eight patients were selected, with a mean of eight weeks of follow-up. They presented a mean age of 30.5 years, male prevalence (25 patients; 89.2%), and no differences between dominant and non-dominant sides. The mean time from diagnosis was 4.16 weeks, but in three cases of fibrous union, the pre-operative period was over one year. The most frequent mechanism of injury was a fall on the outstretched hand, in 22 cases (78.5%). Of all fractures, 24 cases were in the waist (85.8%) and four were of the proximal pole (14.2%); seven patients had displacement (25%). There was consolidation in 26 cases (92.8%) with a mean of 7.5 weeks after surgery. In cases of non-union, radiological follow-up was up to 24 weeks, requiring a new surgical intervention. Conclusions: Percutaneous fixation is an excellent, reproducible technique that allows early active mobility of the wrist with a low complication rate, although it requires a learning curve.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a técnica de fixação percutânea das fraturas do escafoide em seu terço médio e terço proximal e demonstrar seu resultado Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de coorte transversal, feito de janeiro de 2005 a abril de 2015, com vistas ao tempo de consolidação, perfil epidemiológico, grau de função, retorno às atividades laborais e complicações. Resultados: Foram selecionados 28 pacientes, com seguimento médio de oito semanas. Este estudo evidenciou uma idade média de 30,5 anos, prevalência do sexo masculino em 25 pacientes (89,2%) e ausência de lado dominante. O tempo médio de diagnóstico foi de 4,16 semanas, porém três casos de união fibrosa apresentaram período pré-operatório superior a um ano. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi a queda sobre o punho em 22 casos (78,5%). Das fraturas, 24 casos foram do terço médio (85,8%) e quatro casos do polo proximal (14,2%), sete casos apresentavam desvio (25%). Houve consolidação de 26 casos (92,8%) com tempo médio de 7,5 semanas de pós-operatório. Nos casos de não consolidação radiológica, o seguimento foi de até 24 semanas, foi necessária uma nova intervenção cirúrgica. Conclusões: A fixação percutânea é uma ótima maneira de tratar esse tipo de fratura, reprodutível, permite a mobilidade ativa precoce do punho com baixo índice de complicações, embora exija curva de aprendizagem.